The Foundation of Effort Theory

The notion of four motion factors with contrasting qualities dates from Laban’s Eukinetic studies of dance in Germany.  However, his effort theories only really crystallized after he began observing physical labor in British factories during World War II.

These observations led to the publication of Effort in 1947.  This book, co-authored with management consultant F.C. Lawrence, introduces the four motion factors, eight effort qualities, and eight “Basic Actions” that provide the foundation of Laban’s conceptualization of the dynamics of movement.

Laban continued to develop his theories, introducing “incomplete efforts” as well as “transformation drives.”Read More

LMA Becomes LBMS

It seems that Laban’s work is always being rebranded, for nowadays Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) is becoming known as “Laban Bartenieff Movement Studies” (LBMS). This is appropriate, for Bartenieff was responsible for the development of movement analysis in the U.S.

Bartenieff has achieved named recognition for the somatic practice, Bartenieff Fundamentals. Yet her intellectual and practical contributions are much broader ranging.

Find out more in the MoveScape course starting in April, “Irmgard Bartenieff: In Her Own Words.”Read More

LIMS Becomes the Laban/Bartenieff Institute

On June 1, 1981, LIMS became the Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies in recognition of Bartenieff’s contributions to the field of movement study.

The press release for this name change noted the following:

Bartenieff, “has continually pioneered the application of movement theory in her work as a physical therapist, dance therapist, and anthropological researcher.”

In addition, “her creative applications of Laban concepts, grounded in the demands of these disciplines, have clarified and enriched the system of Laban Movement Analysis itself.”

Find out more about Bartenieff’s creative applications in the upcoming MoveScape course, “Irmgard Bartenieff: In Her Own Words.”Read More

The Laban Institute of Movement Studies

By the mid-1970s, the Effort/Shape program was recruiting lots of students and had become the “cash cow,” supporting the Labanotation Department at the Dance Notation Bureau.  This led the Effort/Shape faculty to break away and start a new organization, the Laban Institute of Movement Studies.

By 1978, we had premises, a Board, and a non-profit organization dedicated to the vision of Irmgard Bartenieff – the first person in the U.S. to recognize the potential of Laban’s movement analysis as a means of studying human behavior.… Read More

The Effort/Shape Certification Program

In addition to Labanotation classes and dance documentation services, the Dance Notation Bureau added the Effort/Shape Department in 1965, under the direction of Irmgard Bartenieff.

Initially, training in Effort/Shape took the form of a series of different classes, mostly taught by Bartenieff.

By 1975, when I started training, Effort/Shape classes had become a year-long Certification Program, with a trained faculty in addition to Bartenieff.  The program proved so popular that it was attracting more students than the notation programs.

This popularity led to a rebellion. … Read More

What Is Effort/Shape?

Sometime in the 1950s, Warren Lamb coined the term “Effort/Shape,” to Anglicize Rudolf Laban’s terms, “Eukinetics” and “Choreutics.” Laban had already adopted the term “Effort” to
represent movement dynamics and replace Eukinetics. To signify the spatial forms of
movement, Lamb substituted “Shape” for Choreutics.

Around the same time, Irmgard Bartenieff began to travel to England to update her movement observation and analysis skills. Laban recommended that she study with Lamb. After several years of study, Bartenieff began to integrate the observation of effort and shape into her physical therapy practice.… Read More

Irmgard’s Voice

In her 80th year, Irmgard Bartenieff finally published Body Movement: Coping with the Environment.  She worked on the book for years, but it would not have come into being without the labors of her editor, Dori Lewis. As Lewis explained, Body Movement was “Irmgard’s life and my book.”

While Body Movement is wonderful in many ways, I never quite hear Irmgard’s voice when I read the text.  This has motivated me to look for other things that Irmgard wrote.  I am not only seeking her “voice,” but also a deeper understanding of her perspective and contributions to movement study.… Read More

Irmgard’s Hands

When I met Irmgard Bartenieff, she was in her 70s.  Although obviously elderly, her hands were remarkably strong.  They appeared large, almost out-of-proportion with her slender figure.  Since she had been a masseuse and physical therapist, it is perhaps natural that Irmgard had strong hands.  Yet it is their expressivity that I also remember keenly.

Irmgard did not dwell in the past, and her younger American students never asked much about what her life had been like in Germany. Yet Irmgard was a young adult when the Weimar Republic was created. … Read More

The Greatest Muscular Tension….

Early in my LMA Certification Program, I was stretching before class when Irmgard Bartenieff approached me.  “You must understand,” she said rather fiercely, “that the greatest muscular tension does not equal the greatest movement!”

The crystal-clear logic of the statement forever altered the way I view exercise.  As a young dancer, I somehow came to believe that pain was part of good practice.  Slowly, under Bartenieff’s tutelage, I began to understand that good practice does not necessitate tense gripping and sore muscles.… Read More

Irmgard Bartenieff – Gracious Colleague

I knew Irmgard Bartenieff for seven years – first as her student, then her teaching assistant, then a fellow faculty member.  Our lives intersected at many points as we worked together, liberating the Effort/Shape Program from the Dance Notation Bureau and setting up the Laban Institute of Movement Studies.

Across this whole time, I never once saw Irmgard “pull rank.”  She out-classed most of her younger colleagues in both intelligence and experience.  But she had the marvelous capacity of not only helping us to “see,” but also allowing us to “be seen” and valued.… Read More