Dancing with Your Eyebrows

dancing with your eyebrows“You must not think of dance as steps,” Rudolf Laban once told a group of student actors.  “Dance is meaningful movement.  You can dance with your eyebrows. When I have taught you, you will be able to dance with any part of your body.’’

The acting students were skeptical, or course.  They thought that dance was frivolous, not serious.  Laban, however, had spent a lifetime investigating not only the physical aspects of dance, but also its mental, emotional, and social dimensions.  He saw dancing as an activity involving the whole person; he understood that dancing brings together body and mind, self and other.  

Now contemporary science is corroborating Laban’s observations with evidence based research.  Find out more in the following blogs.

Effort Shape and Individual Difference

movement pattern analysisLamb affirmed that “effort goes with shape organically.”  Yet careful study of an individual’s movement pattern will reveal an emphasis on effort more than shape, or vice versa.   Lamb came to feel that this difference was fundamental and significant.

For example, he observed that an emphasis on effort reflected an Assertion-oriented approach to decision making.  Such a person is driven, applying his or her energies, both physical and mental, to make things happen.  This decision-maker gets results by focusing, applying pressure, and setting the pace.

An emphasis on shape reflects a Perspective-oriented approach to decision making.  An analogy to drawing is helpful here.  If I’m drawing an apple, and I change my position relative to this object, my view and perspective also changes.  Thus shifting places and shaping the body allows the decision-maker to see the situation from different angles, broadening the scope, gauging value, and projecting the steps needed to reach a goal.

Recent pilot studies have shown that the relative emphasis on either Assertion or Perspective is predictive of how much information and how much time an individual needs to make a decision.   These results demonstrate the validity of movement  analysis when compared with other established criteria for discerning individual differences in decision making.

There is, of course, much more nuance in a Movement Pattern Analysis profile.  From a research perspective, however, it is vital to test the most global factors first before digging deeper.  With positive results to date, research efforts can continue.  There is still much to be learned!

Lamb and Embodied Cognition

Laban correlated physical efforts with mental efforts, relating Space effort to Attention, Weight to Intention, and Time to Decision.  Warren Lamb added shape to this scheme, noting  that “We cannot move in making an Effort without an accompanying movement of Shaping.”

movement pattern analysis

The paths traced by the moving parts of the body lie predominately in one of three planes – in the horizontal or table plane, in the vertical or door plane, or in the sagittal or wheel plane.  Lamb related these movement patterns to cognitive processes in the following way.

He noted that “horizontally-oriented movement puts the performer in touch with what is going on around him.”  Thus shaping in the table plane relates to giving Attention.

Vertical orientation then emphasizes where the person stands “in relation to whatever he is in touch with.”  That is, shaping in the door plan relates to forming an Intention.

Finally comes the sagittal orientation, Lamb writes,“a form of decision to advance or retire from the subject matter.”  Consequently, shaping in the wheel plane is linked to making a Commitment.

Interestingly, this progression also underlies motor development.  The infant first learns to roll over (horizontal plane).  Then he pulls up to standing (vertical plane).  Finally, he walks (sagittal plane).  Perhaps these early development phases provide the sensorimotor foundation of our decision-making processes!

Laban and Embodied Cognition

movement theory analysisRudolf Laban’s use of movement-based observational techniques anticipated the notion of “embodied cognition” by several decades.  In his writings in the 1940s and 50s, Laban already had identified “mental efforts” — namely those of giving attention to what must be done, forming an intention to act, and finally taking decisive action — as stages of “inner preparation for outer action.”

Laban went on to associate each of these mental efforts to one of the motion factors, according to the following scheme:

“The motion factor of Space can be associated with man’s faculty of participation with attention.  The predominant tendency here is to orientate oneself and find a relationship to the matter of interest either in an immediate, direct way or in a circumspective, flexible one.”

“The motion factor of Weight can be associated with man’s faculty of participation with intention.  The desire to do a certain thing may take hold of one sometimes powerfully and firmly, sometimes gently and slightly.”

“ The motion factor of Time can be associated with man’s faculty of participation with decision.   Decisions can be made either unexpectedly and suddenly … or they may be developed gradually.”

Building on Laban’s correlations, Warren Lamb extended and refined the linking of movement factors with mental processes.  Find out more in the next blog.

Testing Movement Pattern Analysis

movement pattern analysis rudolf labanOver the past six years, I have been part of an interdisciplinary research team testing Movement Pattern Analysis (MPA).  The team consists of movement analysts, political scientists, and psychologists.  We have been comparing the Movement Pattern Analysis profiles of a participant group of military officers with their performance on a set of decision-making tasks completed in a laboratory situation.  Our aim is to assess how well their MPA profiles correlate with their decision-making behaviors in the lab.

Existing research has highlighted two dimensions representative of individual differences in decision making – how much information a person needs and how long it takes for the individual to come to a conclusion.  The laboratory protocol designed for this experiment allowed the participants partial control of the amount of information sought and the total response time as they worked their way through four hypothetical decisions.

In the experimental results, participants showed definite individual differences in terms of the total number of information draws and the total response time.

Find out how these behaviors correlated with their MPA profiles in the next blog.

Why Laban Wrote Mastery of Movement

Mastery of Movement Rudolf LabanLaban wrote Mastery of Movement on the Stage (1st edition) “as an incentive to personal mobility.”  And indeed, the first two chapters provide a number of explorations organized around movement themes focused on body and/or effort.  Laban hopes to encourage a kind of “mobile reading,” as he explains in the Preface.

However, he also notes that there is something in the book for those who want to remain in a comfy chair.  That is, such readers can learn more about “thinking in terms of movement.”  For Laban, mobile thinking is not merely “cavorting in the world of ideas” any more than stage movement is “restricted to ballet.”  And herein Laban reveals his broader theme:  movement “forms the common denominator to both art and industry.”

In the Preface, Laban also makes it quite clear that movement is not merely a physical practice that can be mastered through mechanical exercises.  Movement involves the “inner life of man.” For genuine mastery, the motivation to move must be integrated with the acquisition of external skill.

Laban also establishes his views on theatre, noting that the stage is “the mirror of man’s physical, mental, and spiritual existence.”  And in the Introduction, he goes on to assert that movement is the heart of theatre, for there is no acting, speaking, singing, or dancing without movement.

In many ways, Mastery of Movement is a quintessential representation of Laban’s vision, which illuminates details of bodily activity and yet broadly positions the whole experience of movement in relation to human existence in the world of both tangible and intangible values.

Find out more in the upcoming correspondence course, Mastering Rudolf Laban’s Mastery of Movement.

“Summer of Dance” Dissed

Untitled design (4)I may think the Denver Art Museum’s “Summer of Dance” is splendid, but the Denver Post’s critic disagrees.  He writes, “As a theme, ‘dance’ is, frankly, thin, a fringe topic that’s wholly without risk and lacks the kind of gravitas that a serious museum has the skill and resources to tackle.”  Other phrases are similarly dismissive:  “escapism,” “light touch,” “fun,” and finally, in response to the display of Anna Pavlova’s tutu – “This year, its feathery fluffiness feels like a metaphor for the whole lineup at DAM.”

As a dancer, it is difficult for me to see this merely as a criticism of the museum’s exhibitions – it seems to be a denunciation of dance itself.  In this critic’s eyes, at least, dance is ornamental, trivial, light weight — an art that lacks “gravitas.”   While I may disagree, I fear this writer’s views are reflective of more general public perceptions of the nature and value of dance.

Over a hundred years ago, when the painter Rudolf Laban decided to pursue dance, he confessed that he felt he had set his heart on “the most despised profession in the world.”  Dance may no longer be regarded as a profane or disreputable enterprise, but its profound value, its “gravitas,” has yet to be appreciated by art critics and the general American public.

The United States is not a dancing culture.  Yes, we have popular dance, theatrical dance, even competitive dance on television.  But most people do not participate in dancing on any regular basis.  In my view, dance is meant to be done.  Its value and meaning are only revealed through the experience of doing it.  Seeing is nice, but dance should not be merely a theatrical spectacle and certainly not a competitive sport.

Until we find a way to embed dance in the lives of everyday people, dance will continue to be dissed and dismissed as a fringe topic – feathery, fluffy, fun — and largely without serious value.

Denver Art Museum’s “Summer of Dance”

Untitled design (3)My home town’s major art museum is hosting four separate exhibits on dance this summer.  Art and Dance have many close connections, so I think it’s splendid to see dance featured so prominently in a major museum setting!

My favorite exhibit is “Why We Dance: American Indian Art in Motion.”  This exhibit, assembled by in-house curators, draws upon paintings of traditional dances and displays of dance costumes, drums, and other artifacts.  It also incorporates videotaped interviews with Native American dancers who participate in the yearly powwow held at the Denver Art Museum.  These dancers speak about what dancing means to them as a way of maintaining their culture and linking their contemporary experiences with this culture.  Anyone who has danced will appreciate these interviews and the way in which they touch upon the meaning of dance in people’s lives.

The major exhibit is “Rhythm & Roots; Dance in American Art.”  Mounted by the Detroit Institute of the Arts, the exhibit includes paintings, photographs, sculptures, and costumes relating to American dance from 1830 to 1960.  The collection addresses popular and theatrical dance across these eras, touching on issues of race, class, and historical events.  It is accompanied by an appropriately handsome catalogue, with essays by both dance and art historians.

In addition to hosting this traveling exhibition, the Denver Art Museum mounted three additional exhibits, drawing on local talent.  “Dance Lab” is a massive interactive instillation created by animators at Denver’s Legwork Studios and members of the local Wonderbound ballet company.  “Performance on Paper” features posters by graphic designers Phil Risbeck and John Sorbie spanning a 30-year period of dance performances at Colorado State University.

Dance’s Duet with the Camera Published

Dance's Duet coverI am happy to announce the publication of Dance’s Duet with the Camera.  This collection of essays, edited by Telory D. Arendell and Ruth Barnes and published by Palgrave Macmillan, “takes on the difficult task of verbalizing how the live aspects of present, sweaty, energy-driven dancers might collaborate with the more staid, focused, and digitally manipulated forms of either 2D or 3D film.”

My own contribution to the book is a chapter on Fred Astaire.  This marvelous dancer’s best work was captured on film.  Moreover, Astaire exercised considerable control over how his work was recorded.  My study tracked the development of his inimitable style across the two decades of his Hollywood career, through a movement analysis of solos drawn from three films, one from early in his career, one mid-career, and his final staring role in a musical.

Dance’s Duet with the Camera began with a call for papers early in 2011.  It took five years and enormous perseverance on the part of the two editors to bring the book into being.  This was not due to any lack of commitment on the part of the contributors.  Rather the arduous journey of this publication from conception to reality reflects the difficulty of publishing books about dance.

Walk into any brick and mortar bookstore today and see how much shelf space is devoted to dance and/or movement books.  This will provide a pretty clear picture of the challenges that Arendell and Barnes faced.

Consequently, the publication of Dance’s Duet with the Camera is a great triumph.  It’s multiple and varied essays are written from the dancer’s perspective in five parts addressing “Site/Sight and the Body,” “Movement Beyond the I/Eye,” “Querying Praxis,” “Bodies, Spaces, Camera,” and “New Technologies: Dance as 3D’s Ultimate Agent.”

The Value of Choreutics Part 2

Untitled design (2)In addition to developing physical skills, Choreutic practice also challenges movers intellectually.  It gives us a way to think about space.

Generally, if we think about space at all, we think of it as a void, an empty place. In other words, for us, space is an absence.  Laban, on the other hand, asserts that space is a presence, a “superabundance” of potential movements.  And he provides a geography to help us visualize the many possible pathways our movements may take.

Cognitive maps of movement space are generally confined to the cardinal dimensions (up, right, forward, etc.) and the cardinal planes (vertical, horizontal, and sagittal).  Laban, on the other hand, introduces a host of deflected directions and oblique lines.  His Choreutic scales never stay in a single dimension or plane, but shift among these lines and surfaces in complex and highly symmetrical patterns.  They ask that we break out of our habits of thought; they become a kind of brain gym.

Why do we need to think about space?  Because we live there.  If we want to reach up, and something is in the way, we need to deflect our trajectory to reach our goal.  Laban gives us all kinds of possible modifications – up and forward, up and to the side, up/across/backward, etc.  If, due to injury or disease, our capacity to reach straight up is limited, we need to be able to rechart the path.  Laban’s notions provide many options.

In the “Advanced Space Harmony Workshop,” we will be introducing more options for exploring and thinking about space.